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The Mandinka language (''Mandi'nka kango''), or Mandingo, is a Mandé language spoken by the Mandinka people of the Casamance region of Senegal, the Gambia, and northern Guinea-Bissau. It is the principal language of the Gambia. Mandinka belongs to the Manding branch of Mandé, and is thus similar to Bambara and Maninka/Malinké. In a majority of areas, it is tonal language with two tones: low and high, although the particular variety spoken in the Gambia and Senegal borders on a pitch accent due to its proximity with non-tonal neighboring languages like Wolof. ==Phonology== Mandinka is here represented by the variety spoken in Casamance.〔Maŋ Lafi Dramé (c. 2003) ''Parlons Mandinka''〕 There is little dialectical diversity. ;Tone Mandinka has two tones, high and low. Unmodified nouns are either high tone on all syllables or low tone on all syllables. The definite suffix ''-o'' take a low tone on high-tone nouns and a falling tone on low-tone nouns. It also assimilates any preceding short vowel, resulting in a long /oo/ with either low or falling tone. It shortens a preceding long high vowel (''ii'' > ''io'', ''uu'' > ''uo''; ''ee'' optionally > either ''eo'' or ''ee'') or assimilates itself (''aa'' remains ''aa'') leaving only its tone: :/búŋ/ 'a room' > /búŋò/ 'the room' :/tèŋ/ 'a palm tree' > /tèŋô/ 'the palm tree' :/kídí/ 'a gun' > /kídòò/ 'the gun' :/kòrdàà/ 'a house' > /kòrdáà/ 'the house' In Senegal and Gambia, Mandinka is approaching a system of pitch accent under the influence of local non-tonal languages such as Wolof. The tonal system is more robust in Guinea-Bisau. ;Vowels Vowel qualities are . All may be long or short. There are no nasal vowels; instead, there is a coda consonant /ŋ/. ;Consonants /j/ and /c/ are pronounced approximately /dy/ and /ty/. /p/ is found in French loans. /r/ is only found initially in loans and onomatopoeia. Otherwise it is the intervocalic allophone of /d/. Syllabic nasals occur in e.g. ''nnààm'' 'yes!' (response), ''ŋte'' "I, me". Word-initial ''mb, nd, ndy, ng'' occur but are not particularly common; it is not clear whether they should be considered syllabic nasals or additional consonants. Consonants may be geminated in the middles of words (at least /pp, cc, jj, kk, ll, mm, nn, ññ/). The only other consonant found at the ends of syllables in native words is . It assimilates to a following consonant: /ns, nc, mb/ etc. Syllable-final /r/ and /s/ are found in French loans (e.g. /kùrtù/ "pants"). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mandinka language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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